During the course of a year, the attorneys at Mercado May-Skinner, counsel to MLMIC Insurance Company, handle approximately 5,000 questions, posed by our policyholders, concerning professional liability, risk management, and healthcare law.
Below are some of the questions most frequently asked by these professionals, as well as responses from our attorneys.
Expand the questions below or Download A Handbook for Practicing Dentists.
Informed consent is the legal doctrine affirming a patient’s right to determine and control his/her own dental treatment. In essence, it is the discussion that takes place between the dentist who is rendering care and the patient. The informed consent discussion may not be delegated to any staff member. It is the responsibility of the treating dentist to provide information and explanations that will assist patients in their decision-making process. In other words, the patient must be afforded the opportunity to evaluate adequate information before making a decision. The treating dentist must advise the patient of the usual risks, benefits, and alternatives of the proposed treatment or procedure, including the option of no treatment, the risks of the alternatives and, specifically, a few of the most severe and most frequent risks. Failure to procure an adequate informed consent from the patient can lead to both malpractice litigation and charges of professional misconduct. This also may be an indication of inadequate dentist-patient communication. The patient’s consent must be voluntary, competent, and informed. The patient must have capacity, i.e. the ability to understand the nature and consequences of the treatment. Although a signed consent form is helpful in defense, a patient’s signature is not conclusive evidence of an informed consent discussion. The signed consent document merely confirms that such a discussion took place. A witness to the consent document, merely confirms that the patient has read and understood the document, appeared to have capacity for the purpose of giving consent, and has signed the form.
Although it is always good practice and important for a dentist to explain to a patient the treatment he/she is rendering, obtaining an informed consent in New York State is only statutorily necessary for a non-emergency treatment, procedure, or surgery, or if the diagnostic procedure involves an invasion or disruption of the integrity of the body. A dentist is not required to obtain an informed consent if the procedure is an emergency and necessary treatment would be delayed by trying to obtain consent. If a dentist is in doubt as to whether a diagnostic procedure falls into the second category, it is a good idea to err on the side of obtaining an informed consent.
Generally, the New York statute states that children under the age of eighteen are minors. When the patient is a minor, consent for his/her dental treatment must generally be obtained from the parent or legal guardian. There are several exceptions to this:
Absolutely yes! The note should be dated and should state the following: “The risks, benefits, and alternatives, including no treatment and risks of the alternatives, were discussed with the patient. The risks discussed included, but were not limited to . . .” We recommend that you list a few of the most severe and a few of the most frequent risks or complications. “The patient understood, had all his/her questions answered, and consented to the treatment or procedure.” This type of documentation will confirm and be evidence that a discussion with the patient actually took place.
A dentist/patient relationship may be deemed to begin when an appointment has been made or specific advice is delivered before the patient is seen, or there is some other mechanism/interaction which creates a patient’s reasonable expectation of care.
To discharge a patient from care, you must notify the patient in writing. You have the option of giving the patient a defined reason. If the patient has been non-compliant with treatment or appointments, or if the dentist/patient relationship has been disturbed by litigation, non-payment, or threats and abusive behavior by the patient or a family member, you may state a general reason for discharge, i.e. there has been a disruption in the dentist/patient relationship. If the patient is being discharged for non-compliance, you may state “you have been non-compliant with my recommendations for care and treatment.” If you have received a request for records from an attorney, have been sued by the patient, or are merely uncomfortable in continuing to treat the patient, a reason does not have to be stated or you may use the disruption in the dentist/patient relationship as the reason. Give the patient a reasonable amount of time to seek a new dentist, considering the patient’s course of treatment and the availability of alternative care without interruption. Often, 30 days from the date of the letter will be sufficient notice, during which time you agree to be available for emergencies only. The letter should provide resources which will assist the patient to obtain a new dentist, such as the names and phone number of the district dental society. We do not recommend that you list the names of specific dentists. The MLMIC Legal Department has sample form letters which can be modified for your use for discharging patients from your care. Remember, so that there is no gap in treatment, patients with urgent or serious dental conditions should not be discharged without immediate access to alternative care.
The answer to this depends both on the patient’s condition and the requirements set forth in the hospital’s by-laws. If the patient’s immediate problem has been resolved, unless the by-laws require you to provide a follow up visit, you are not obligated to see that patient in your office. However, if the patient is in need of further care, it is recommended that you see the patient until he/she can be safely discharged by letter. If the patient continues to have an urgent or serious dental problem which requires continued care, you must be sure he/she has alternative and uninterrupted treatment prior to discharging him/her. If you are unable to assure that the patient has suitable alternative care, then you must complete the course of treatment for that particular dental problem before discharging the patient from care.
The dental record is the actual record of treatment provided to the patient, and its appearance is extremely important to your defense. It specifically describes the complete history, evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and care of a patient. Therefore, it is of maximum value in terms of its accuracy and credibility, especially when used in legal proceedings. Remember, if you didn’t document it, you didn’t do it. The dental record should be precise, neat, complete, and legible, and it should be written so that any other dentist who has a reason to pick up the record knows exactly what has been done for the patient, when it was done, and why.
Entries in the dental record must be contemporaneous with treatment and should be written legibly in ink or transcribed. Be sure to use a consistent style for your entries. If your records are ever challenged in court, consistency will impart credibility to your records and will demonstrate your professionalism in maintaining them. You must accurately record both positive and negative findings, and enter the time and date of all entries, signing each one. All entries should follow sequentially. Do not leave any spaces between them. If you make an incorrect entry, strike it out by drawing a single line through it, writing the word error, and initialing and dating the correction. Do not, under any circumstances, use white-out or erase an entry. Both techniques suggest you have something to hide. Each correction should be made as it happens with an explanation for the correction to preserve the record’s integrity. Be sure to record missed appointments and any failure by the patient to accept or follow instructions. This type of information will be helpful in defending a future court action. Always be sure to record your observations in an objective and dispassionate manner. The dental record is not the place to settle disputes, assign blame, or write derogatory remarks. Such superfluous entries seem to communicate a lack of professionalism and may raise doubts about the record’s overall credibility. If you are using an electronic dental record, many of the same principles of documentation apply. Use of templates is more frequent, and all entries may be time-stamped, and signatures are electronic.
All patient records must be retained for at least six years, with the exception of records for minor patients, which must be maintained for at least six years and for one year after the minor patient reaches the age of 21, whichever is longer. It is, however, recommended that dental records be retained for 10 years from the date of submission of the last claim for payment. The longer time period is recommended in view of state and federal statutes and regulations pertaining to malpractice and healthcare offenses, such as insurance fraud.
If you are a HIPAA covered entity, you may release patient information to third parties for purposes of treatment, payment or healthcare operations without a written patient authorization. Under New York law, however, patient consent is required to release information even for those purposes. You may obtain the patient's general consent to release information for treatment, payment and healthcare operations as part of your normal registration process.
In order to disclose patient information to third parties for other purposes, you must have a written HIPAA compliant authorization form signed by the patient or by an individual legally authorized to release healthcare information. The authorization must be dated and must designate the name of the party who is releasing the record and to whom the records are to be released. A release that states “to bearer” is not acceptable. The authorization or release form must state the reason for the authorization (“at my request” is sufficient) and must specify the dental information to be released (e.g., “all my records”). Each authorization form must contain an expiration date or event. In addition, HIPAA requires that certain statements be included in each authorization form. Thus, you must confirm that the authorization form is HIPAA compliant and that it contains all of the required elements.
You should compare the patient’s signature on the release form to his/her signature in your records. If there appears to be a discrepancy, you have the right to request that the signature on the authorization be notarized. If the patient is not the person who signed the authorization, then a copy of a legal document permitting the designee to sign the authorization must be also obtained. These may include, for example, guardianship papers, a copy of a power of attorney, healthcare proxy documents, a certified copy of a death certificate or court papers appointing the person as the administrator or executor of a deceased patient’s estate. In unusual circumstances, such as those concerning custody or divorce, patient incompetence, or death, you should contact your attorney to discuss how to proceed.
Any dental records containing HIV-related information require a specific and special authorization.
Yes. A copy should be given to the patient after it is discussed and all of the patient's questions have been answered. A copy should also be placed in the patient’s dental record.
At every visit, document that you checked the patient’s mouth for oral cancer and that there were no signs or symptoms of oral cancer. Further, it is critical for you to document that you checked for periodontal disease and your findings.
The general rule is that an addendum should be timely and should contain information relevant and necessary to the patient’s present and/or future care and treatment. Never write an addendum weeks or months after a patient has died or after an attorney or government agency has requested the records. Any addendum that does not meet these criteria may be considered self-serving or even deemed an alteration of the record. If it is necessary to write an addendum to a patient’s record, indicate the date of, and reason for, the supplementary information. Remember that accurate recordkeeping is vital, not only in the course of providing good patient care, but also because carefully maintained records offer a credible and accurate defense in court. Any record that appears to have been altered for the purpose of covering up an error, or to improve the record for litigation, completely lacks credibility.
Yes, if the patient relays this information as part of his/her history, or it is medically relevant to his/her present care and treatment, it should be documented. However, that record then becomes a protected record under Article 27F of the Public Health Law, which governs the confidentiality of HIV-related information.
The HIV law clearly requires the release of records only with a special HIV consent form or upon receipt of a court order, issued only after a hearing, at which time the patient has had an opportunity to contest the release. A bare subpoena is NOT sufficient.
Yes, the fact that an HIV test has been done, regardless of the result, raises the possibility that the patient has risk factors for HIV. The patient may sustain harm if this information is released inappropriately.
You may not tell the staff if the sole purpose of informing them is infection control, such as having them take extra precautions when caring for the patient. You may tell the licensed staff who are assisting in the dental procedure only if the disclosure is necessary for the patient’s care and treatment.
No, the National Practitioner Data Bank only requires your insurer to report indemnity payments made on your behalf as a result of a written claim.
No, regardless of the form under which you practice as a solo practitioner (for example, you may be operating as a P.C.), individual practitioners are not required to report payments to the Data Bank that they make on their own behalf out-of-pocket.
Group dental practices qualifying as entities under the Data Bank plan because of their professional and formal peer review activity may query the Data Bank. Hospitals must query the Data Bank when a dentist applies for a position on the dental staff or applies for a change in clinical privileges. Hospitals must also query the Data Bank when re-credentialing members of the dental staff. The initial inquiry must be done at the time the dentist is first credentialed and every two years thereafter. An insurance carrier cannot request information from the Data Bank.
No. All payments made on behalf of a practitioner are reportable to the Data Bank.
Practitioners can receive copies of their complete file at any time, free of charge, by submitting a Request for Information Form to the Data Bank. Health care practitioners are not automatically notified when a report is released on them in response to an inquiry, but may periodically obtain this information by requesting a copy of their Data Bank file. Practitioners are only notified when they are the subject of a report received by the Data Bank.
One area of concern for dentists and their attorneys involves requests from patients’ attorneys for records, especially when the reason for the request is not made clear. On occasion you may receive a call from an attorney requesting an appointment to discuss your care of a patient, or to have you interpret your notes in the patient’s dental record, which the attorney already has in his possession. Even if the attorney assures you that you will not be sued, or that your conversation is off the record, exercise caution and immediately contact your own attorney before agreeing to speak with him/her. Frequently these statements are simply not true. Further, it should be noted that an authorization to release records requires only that you release the patient’s records. It does not permit discussion with any attorney. If an attorney wishes to question you about a patient’s care, the appropriate place to do so is at an Examination Before Trial (EBT) or deposition, where you may have counsel present for your protection. If you have been retained to be an expert witness for a plaintiff’s attorney, you should request a specific and HIPAA compliant release from the patient, which will permit you to discuss all aspects of his/her care, treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis with that attorney.
No. You are not obligated to do so and we recommend you not do so. The best way to handle such a request is to ask the attorney to obtain a properly signed and dated patient authorization allowing the attorney to obtain access to the patient’s dental information. You should then advise the attorney that your records speak for themselves. In addition, you are not obligated to be an expert witness for a patient you have not treated.
No. It is professional misconduct and actionable by OPD to delegate to a licensed person those duties not within the scope of practice of his/her license. Unlicensed personnel cannot perform tasks which are limited to, and within the scope of practice of, licensed individuals.
No. It is professional misconduct and actionable by OPD to delegate to a licensed person those duties not within the scope of practice of his/her license. Unlicensed personnel cannot perform tasks which are limited to, and within the scope of practice of, licensed individuals.
There is a duty imposed upon you by law to provide supervision to your employees. You may also be found vicariously liable for the acts of an individual because of your employee/employer and/or supervisory relationship.
We recommend that you speak with the MLMIC Legal Department regarding the request and then contact MLMIC to open a defense only file. You can obtain from either the names of counsel to prepare you and accompany you to any interview that OPD requests. When receiving a telephone call or letter from OPD requesting an interview with you, we recommend that you have a member of your staff return the call and advise OPD that your attorney will call to schedule the interview. We do not recommend you speak to OPD without the preparation by, and attendance of, counsel.
There is a duty imposed upon the attending dentist to follow up all tests and consultations he/she has ordered. The failure to do so could lead to a delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis of a serious disease. The dentist should follow-up first by telephoning the patient or the specialist’s office, and then by writing a letter to the patient to remind the patient of the importance of the referral or test and the consequence of non-compliance. These efforts should be documented in the record.
